He gives examples of comparisons of men to Nazi prison guards as a common theme in literature. Modern literatureĪnthony Synnott argues that there is a tendency in literature to represent men as villains and women as victims and argues that there is a market for "anti-male" novels with no corresponding "anti-female" market, citing The Women's Room, by Marilyn French, and The Color Purple, by Alice Walker. On the whole, he gives us a darker vision of human males than human females. Shakespeare makes perfectly clear that women in general have to marry down and that men are narcissistic and not to be trusted and so forth. I cannot think of one instance of misogyny whereas I would argue that misandry is a strong element. In reference to the works of Shakespeare, Bloom argued: Literary critic Harold Bloom argued that even though the word misandry is relatively unheard of in literature, it is not hard to find implicit, even explicit, misandry. The most significant point of contact, however, between Eteocles and the suppliant Danaids is, in fact, their extreme positions with regard to the opposite sex: the misogyny of Eteocles' outburst against all women of whatever variety has its counterpart in the seeming misandry of the Danaids, who although opposed to their Egyptian cousins in particular (marriage with them is incestuous, they are violent men) often extend their objections to include the race of males as a whole and view their cause as a passionate contest between the sexes. In literature Ancient Greek literatureĬlassics professor Froma Zeitlin of Princeton University discussed misandry in her article titled "Patterns of Gender in Aeschylean Drama: Seven against Thebes and the Danaid Trilogy". This construct was found to be inversely correlated with measures of gender equality when comparing countries and in a study with university students self-describing feminists were found to have a lower measure of hostility toward men. Hostility toward Men was split into three factors: Resentment of Paternalism, the belief men supported male power, Compensatory Gender Differentiation, the belief that men were supported by women and Heterosexual Hostility, which looked at beliefs that men were likely to engage in hostile actions. Glick and Fiske developed psychometric constructs to measure the attitudes of individuals towards men, the Ambivalence toward Men Inventory AMI, which includes a factor Hostility toward Men based on a small group discussion with women and then using statistical methods to reduce the number of questions.
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Religious studies professors Paul Nathanson and Katherine Young examined the institutionalization of misandry in the public sphere in their 2001 three-book series Beyond the Fall of Man, which refers to misandry as a "form of prejudice and discrimination that has become institutionalized in North American society", writing, "The same problem that long prevented mutual respect between Jews and Christians, the teaching of contempt, now prevents mutual respect between men and women." In psychology Men's rights activists and other masculinist groups have criticized modern laws concerning divorce, domestic violence, and rape as examples of institutional misandry. Writer Helen Pluckrose has argued that androphobia is the more propitious term in instances where aversion to men stems from a sense of fear. Ī term with a similar but distinct meaning is androphobia, which describes a fear, but not necessarily hatred, of men. "Misandrous" or "misandrist" can be used as adjectival forms of the word. Translation of the French misandrie to the German Männerhass (Hatred of Men) is recorded in 1803. It appeared in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.) in 1952. Use of the word can be found as far back as the 19th century, including an 1871 use in The Spectator magazine. Misandry is formed from the Greek misos (μῖσος, "hatred") and anēr, andros (ἀνήρ, gen.